一、開關(guān)柜基本概念

　　1、 Basic concepts of switchgear

　　開關(guān)柜：制造廠根據(jù)電氣主接線的要求，將一次設(shè)備（隔離開關(guān)、負(fù)荷開關(guān)、斷路器、熔斷器等）和二次設(shè)備（指示燈、按鈕、儀表、轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)等）按照一定的順序安裝在開啟式或封閉式的金屬殼體內(nèi)，(并完成所有機(jī)械和電氣的連接和調(diào)試）；作接受和分配電能之用的裝置，稱為成套開關(guān)裝置，簡稱開關(guān)柜。

　　Switchgear: The manufacturer installs primary equipment (isolating switches, load switches, circuit breakers, fuses, etc.) and secondary equipment (indicator lights, buttons, instruments, transfer switches, etc.) in a certain order in an open or closed metal casing according to the requirements of the main electrical wiring, and completes all mechanical and electrical connections and debugging; A device used for receiving and distributing electrical energy is called a complete switchgear, abbreviated as a switchgear.

　　電氣間隙：具有電位差的兩個相鄰導(dǎo)電部件之間沿空氣的小距離，叫作電氣間隙。

　　Electrical gap: The minimum safe distance along the air between two adjacent conductive components with a potential difference is called an electrical gap.

　　爬電距離：具有電位差的兩個相鄰導(dǎo)電部件之間沿絕緣體表面的短距離，叫作爬電距離。

　　Creepage distance: The shortest distance along the surface of an insulator between two adjacent conductive components with a potential difference, called the creepage distance.

　　電氣間隙（mm） 20 10 125 300

　　Electrical clearance (mm) 20 10 125 300

　　電壓等級 220/380V 10KV 35KV

　　Voltage level 220/380V 10KV 35KV

　　爬電距離（mm） 14 196 460

　　Creepage distance (mm) 14 196 460

　　保護(hù)導(dǎo)體：用以與裸露導(dǎo)電部件、外部導(dǎo)電部件、主接地端子、接地電極、電源的人造中性接地點(diǎn)連接而防止觸電危險的一種防護(hù)所要求的一種導(dǎo)體，叫作保護(hù)導(dǎo)體，代號PE.

　　Protective conductor: A type of conductor required for protection against electric shock hazards, used to connect with exposed conductive parts, external conductive parts, main grounding terminals, grounding electrodes, and artificial neutral grounding points of power sources. It is called a protective conductor, code PE

　　中性保護(hù)導(dǎo)體：在某些系統(tǒng)中，同時具有中性導(dǎo)體（N）和保護(hù)導(dǎo)體（PE）功能的一種導(dǎo)體叫作中性保護(hù)導(dǎo)體，其代號為PEN.

　　Neutral protective conductor: In some systems, a conductor that has both neutral conductor (N) and protective conductor (PE) functions is called a neutral protective conductor, with the code PEN

　　開關(guān)柜正常相序及顏色：

　　Normal phase sequence and color of switchgear:

　　L3 C(W)相 下 右 前 紅

　　Right front red under L3 C (W) phase

　　電源側(cè) 負(fù)載側(cè)名稱 上下排列 左右排列 前后排列 顏色

　　Power supply side, load side, name, up and down, left and right, front and back, color

　　L1 A(U)相 上 左 后 黃

　　L1 A (U) phase left rear yellow

　　L2 B(V)相 中 中 中 綠

　　Medium green in L2 B (V) phase

　　N 零線    淡藍(lán)

　　N neutral line light blue

　　PE 地線    黃綠雙色

　　PE ground wire in yellow green dual color

　　DC 正極：赭色  負(fù)極：淡藍(lán)色

　　DC positive electrode: reddish brown negative electrode: light blue

　　三按：按圖紙、按工藝、按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（裝配依據(jù)）

　　Three presses: according to the drawings, according to the process, and according to the standards (assembly basis)

　　三檢：首件必檢、中間巡檢和完工檢查； 自檢、互檢和專檢。

　　Three inspections: first article inspection, intermediate inspection, and completion inspection; Self inspection, mutual inspection, and specialized inspection.

　　五防：1，防止帶負(fù)荷分、合隔離開關(guān)

　　Five prevention measures: 1. Prevent the opening and closing of isolation switches with load

　　2，防止誤分、誤合斷路器、負(fù)荷開關(guān)、接觸器（允許提示性）

　　2. Prevent accidental opening and closing of circuit breakers, load switches, and contactors (with prompts allowed)

　　3，防止接地開關(guān)處于閉合位置時（掛接地線時）關(guān)合斷路器、負(fù)荷開關(guān)等開關(guān)

　　3. Prevent closing circuit breakers, load switches, and other switches when the grounding switch is in the closed position (when hanging the grounding wire)

　　4，防止帶電時（斷路器合閘時）誤合接地開關(guān)（掛接地線）

　　4. Prevent accidental closing of the grounding switch (hanging grounding wire) when energized (circuit breaker closing)

　　5，防止誤入帶電間隔     （高壓開關(guān)柜的五防連鎖）

　　5. Prevent accidental entry into live compartments (five prevention interlocking of high-voltage switchgear)

　　現(xiàn)場維修三步（三守則）：停電、驗(yàn)電、掛接地線。置放警示牌。

　　Three steps for on-site maintenance (three rules): power outage, electrical inspection, and hanging grounding wire. Place safety warning signs.

　　二、電力供電

　　2、 Electric power supply

　　正弦交流電：指大小和方向都隨時間按正弦規(guī)律變化的電流、電壓或電動勢。

　　Sinusoidal alternating current: refers to a current, voltage, or electromotive force that varies in magnitude and direction according to a sinusoidal law over time.

　　三相交流電：由三個同頻率、同幅值，彼此之間有120度相位差的正弦交流電動勢構(gòu)成的電源，叫三相對稱正弦交流電源，由三相電源及負(fù)載連接導(dǎo)線及控制裝置組成的電路，叫三相交流電路。

　　Three phase AC power: A power source composed of three sinusoidal AC electromotive forces of the same frequency and amplitude, with a phase difference of 120 degrees between them, called a three-phase symmetrical sinusoidal AC power source. A circuit composed of three-phase power sources, load connecting wires, and control devices is called a three-phase AC circuit.

　　電力系統(tǒng)：由各種不同電壓等級的電力線路，將發(fā)電廠、變電所、配電所和電力用戶聯(lián)系起來，組成發(fā)電、變電、輸電、配電和用電的整體，稱為電力系統(tǒng)。  要求：可靠持續(xù)供電；良好的電能質(zhì)量；經(jīng)濟(jì)性，消耗少，效果高，限度的降低電能成本；限度的滿足用戶用電的需要。

　　Power system: It is composed of various voltage levels of power lines that connect power plants, substations, distribution stations, and power users, forming a whole of power generation, transformation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, known as the power system. Requirement: Reliable and continuous power supply; Good power quality; Economy, low consumption, high efficiency, and maximum reduction of electricity costs; Maximizing the satisfaction of users' electricity needs.

　　電力網(wǎng)：變、輸配電所和各種不同等級的電力線路所組成的輸配電系統(tǒng)，即連接發(fā)電廠和電力用戶的中間環(huán)節(jié)，稱為電力網(wǎng)。

　　Power grid: The transmission and distribution system composed of substations, transmission and distribution stations, and various levels of power lines, which is the intermediate link connecting power plants and power users, is called the power grid.

　　用電等級：一級：停電引起人員傷亡者，重大政治影響者，重大經(jīng)濟(jì)影響者；重大公共秩序混亂；二級；較大政治影響者，較大經(jīng)濟(jì)影響者，較大的公共場合秩序混亂；三級：不屬于一級和二級的一般負(fù)荷。

　　Electricity consumption level: Level 1: Those who suffer casualties due to power outages, those with significant political impact, and those with significant economic impact; Major public disorder; Level 2; Significant political influencers, significant economic influencers, and chaotic public order; Level 3: General loads that do not belong to Level 1 or Level 2.

　　電壓等級：0.22 0.38 3 6 10 35 110 220 330 550 共10級；目前1000Kv

　　Voltage level: 0.22 0.38 3 6 10 35 110 220 330 550, a total of 10 levels; Currently, the highest voltage is 1000Kv

　　為了把更多的電能輸送到更遠(yuǎn)的距離，為了更多減少線路損耗，采用高壓輸電。每一個高壓變電所下面必有更多個低等級的變配電所。成套用在末端：變、配電所或用戶。

　　In order to transmit more electricity over longer distances and reduce line losses, high-voltage transmission is adopted. There must be more low-level substations under each high-voltage substation. Complete set used at the end: transformer, distribution station or user.

　　提高功率因數(shù)，釋放更多電能；我國小于0.9即罰款收費(fèi)。

　　Improve power factor and release more electrical energy; A fine of less than 0.9 is imposed in our country.

　　小于1kv為低壓，高于1kv為高壓（簡單說法）

　　Less than 1kv is considered low voltage, and higher than 1kv is considered high voltage (in simple terms)

　　低壓：小于1kv

　　Low voltage: less than 1kv

　　中壓：6kv35kv（國外概念）

　　Medium voltage: 6kV to 35kV (foreign concept)

　　高壓：35kv550kv

　　High voltage: 35kV to 550kV

　　超高壓：550kv1000kv

　　Ultra high voltage: 550kV to 1000kV

　　特高壓：1000kv以上

　　Ultra high voltage: above 1000kV

　　電壓：低于36v正常情況下人體電阻1000歐姆，耐受電流50MA 漏電保護(hù)器一般控制在動作電流不高于30mA

　　Safe voltage: below 36V. Under normal circumstances, the human body resistance is 1000 ohms and the withstand current is 50mA. Leakage protectors are generally controlled with an operating current not exceeding 30mA

　　特殊場所應(yīng)使用特低電壓照明：

　　Special places should use safe ultra-low voltage lighting:

　　1） 隧道、人防工程、高溫、有導(dǎo)電灰塵、比較潮濕或燈具離地面高度低于2.5m等場所的

　　1) Places such as tunnels, civil air defense projects, high temperatures, conductive dust, relatively humid environments, or lighting fixtures with a height of less than 2.5 meters above the ground

　　照明，電源電壓不應(yīng)大于36v

　　Lighting, power supply voltage should not exceed 36V

　　2） 潮濕和易觸及帶電體場所的照明，電源電壓不得大于24v

　　2) For lighting in damp and easily accessible areas with live electrical components, the power supply voltage shall not exceed 24V

　　3）特別潮濕場所、導(dǎo)電良好的地面、鍋爐或金屬容器內(nèi)的照明，電源電壓不得大于12v

　　3) Lighting in particularly humid areas, well conductive floors, boilers, or metal containers must have a power supply voltage not exceeding 12v

　　短路：電源通向負(fù)載的兩根導(dǎo)線不經(jīng)過負(fù)載而相互直接接通，就發(fā)生了電源被短路的情況。短路電流比正常工作電流大的多，能導(dǎo)致電氣設(shè)備的過熱，甚燒毀電氣設(shè)備，引起火災(zāi)。同時，短路電流還會產(chǎn)生很大的電動力，造成電氣設(shè)備損壞，嚴(yán)重的短路事故甚還會破壞電力系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定，所以對運(yùn)行中的電氣設(shè)備應(yīng)采取一定的保護(hù)措施，如安裝自動開關(guān)（斷路器）、熔斷器、漏電保護(hù)器等。

　　Short circuit: When two wires from the power supply to the load are directly connected without passing through the load, the power supply is short circuited. Short circuit current is much higher than normal operating current, which can cause overheating of electrical equipment, even burning electrical equipment and causing fires. At the same time, short-circuit currents can generate significant electrical forces, causing damage to electrical equipment. Severe short-circuit accidents can even disrupt the stability of the power system. Therefore, certain protective measures should be taken for electrical equipment in operation, such as installing automatic switches (circuit breakers), fuses, leakage protectors, etc.

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